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Countries |
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Guide to DXing |
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Real Radio |
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Background:
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Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became
an independent nation in 1822 and a republic in 1889. By far the
largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil overcame
more than half a century of military intervention in the governance
of the country when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded
power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and
agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast
natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South
America's leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly
unequal income distribution and crime remain pressing problems.
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Location:
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Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
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Geographic coordinates:
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10 00 S, 55 00 W
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Map references:
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South America
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Area:
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total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol
das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos
de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than the US
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Land boundaries:
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total: 16,885 km
border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km,
Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km,
Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay
1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
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Coastline:
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7,491 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental
margin
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Climate:
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mostly tropical, but temperate in south
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Terrain:
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mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,
mountains, and narrow coastal belt
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
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Natural resources:
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bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates,
platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.93%
permanent crops: 0.89%
other: 92.18% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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29,200 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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8,233 cu km (2000)
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 59.3 cu km/yr (20%/18%/62%)
per capita: 318 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in
south
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers
a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area;
there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water
pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large
cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper
mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with
every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
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Population:
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191,908,598
note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which
reported a population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3%
lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the
implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for
this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex
than would otherwise be expected (July 2008 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 24.9% (male 24,391,338/female 23,454,418)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 65,330,427/female 66,431,982)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 5,055,770/female 7,244,663)
(2008 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 29 years
male: 28.3 years
female: 29.8 years (2008 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.98% (2008 est.)
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Birth rate:
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16.04 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Death rate:
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6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 26.67 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 30.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 72.51 years
male: 68.57 years
female: 76.64 years (2008 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.86 children born/woman (2008 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.7% (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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660,000 (2003 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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15,000 (2003 est.)
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Nationality:
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noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian
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Ethnic groups:
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white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%,
other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist
1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4%
(2000 census)
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Languages:
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Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note -
less common languages include Spanish (border areas and
schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number
of minor Amerindian languages
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.6%
male: 88.4%
female: 88.8% (2004 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil
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Government type:
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federal republic
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Capital:
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name: Brasilia
geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in
October; ends third Sunday in February
note: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including
one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands
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Administrative divisions:
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26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*
(distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia,
Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana,
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio
Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo,
Sergipe, Tocantins
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Independence:
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7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
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Constitution:
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5 October 1988
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Legal system:
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based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory
over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do
not vote
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA
(since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1
January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA
(since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1
January 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the
same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term;
election last held 1 October 2006 with runoff 29 October
2006 (next to be held 3 October 2010 and, if necessary, 31
October 2010)
election results: Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT)
reelected president - 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of
the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from
each state and federal district elected according to the
principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third and
two-thirds elected every four years, alternately) and the
Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members
are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year
terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 1 October 2006 for
one-third of the Senate (next to be held in October 2010 for
two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 1
October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010)
election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - PFL 6, PSDB 5, PMDB 4, PTB 3, PT 2,
PDT 1, PSB 1, PL 1, PPS 1, PRTB 1, PP 1, PCdoB 1; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB
89, PT 83, PFL 65, PSDB 65, PP 42, PSB 27, PDT 24, PL 23, PTB
22, PPS 21, PCdoB 13, PV 13, PSC 9, other 17; note - as of 1
January 2008: Federal Senate - seats by party - PMDB 20, DEM
(formerly PFL) 14, PSDB 13, PT 12, PTB 6, PDT 5, PR 4, PRB 2,
PSB 2, PCdoB 1, PP 1, PSOL 1; Chamber of Deputies - seats by
party - PMDB 90, PT 83, PSDB 64, DEM (formerly PFL) 62, PP 41,
PR 34, PSB 28, PDT 23, PTB 21, PPS 17, PV 13, PCdoB 13, PSC 7,
PAN 4, PSOL 3, PMN 3, PTC 3, PHS 2, PTdoB 1, PRB 1
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Federal Tribunal or STF (11 ministers are appointed for
life by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher
Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are
appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life," judges,
like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of
70
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Political parties and leaders:
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Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON];
Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da
Cruz]; Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS
SANTOS]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator
Sergio GUERRA]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Governor
Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Christian Labor Party or PTC
[Daniel TOURINHO]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose
Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto
LUPI]; the Democrats or DEM (formerly Liberal Front Party or
PFL) [Federal Deputy Rodrigo MAIA]; Freedom and Socialism Party
or PSOL [Heloisa HELENA]; Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca
PENNA]; Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS [Paulo Roberto
MATOS]; Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [Luis Henrique de
Oliveira RESENDE]; Liberal Front Party or PFL (now known as the
Democrats or DEM); National Mobilization Party or PMN [Oscar
Noronha FILHO]; Party of the Republic or PR [Sergio TAMER];
Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Fernando CORUJA];
Progressive Party or PP [Francisco DORNELLES]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT
[Ricardo Jose Ribeiro BERZOINI]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Landless Workers' Movement or MST; labor unions and federations;
large farmers' associations; religious groups including
evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
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International organization participation:
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AfDB, BIS, CAN (associate), CPLP, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM
(observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIL,
UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar
PATRIOTA
chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito
Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000
FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136
consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife
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Flag description:
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green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue
celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each
state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as
the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band
with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
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Economy - overview:
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Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining,
manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that
of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence
in world markets. Having weathered 2001-03 financial turmoil,
capital inflows are regaining strength and the currency has resumed
appreciating. The appreciation has slowed export volume growth, but
since 2004, Brazil's growth has yielded increases in employment and
real wages. The resilience in the economy stems from
commodity-driven current account surpluses, and sound macroeconomic
policies that have bolstered international reserves to historically
high levels, reduced public debt, and allowed a significant decline
in real interest rates. A floating exchange rate, an
inflation-targeting regime, and a tight fiscal policy are the three
pillars of the economic program. From 2003 to 2007, Brazil ran
record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account
surpluses since 1992. Productivity gains coupled with high commodity
prices contributed to the surge in exports. Brazil improved its debt
profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated
and domestically held instruments. LULA DA SILVA restated his
commitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the country's
primary surplus during the 2006 election. Following his second
inauguration, LULA DA SILVA announced a package of further economic
reforms to reduce taxes and increase investment in infrastructure.
The government's goal of achieving strong growth while reducing the
debt burden is likely to create inflationary pressures.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$1.838 trillion (2007 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$1.269 trillion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.5% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$9,700 (2007 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 5.1%
industry: 30.8%
services: 64% (2007 est.)
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Labor force:
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99.47 million (2007 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 20%
industry: 14%
services: 66% (2003 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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9.8% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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31% (2005)
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share:
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lowest 10%: 0.9%
highest 10%: 44.8% (2004)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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56.7 (2005)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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4.1% (2007 est.)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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17.9% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $244 billion
expenditures: $219.9 billion (FY07 est.)
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Public debt:
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43.9% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus;
beef
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Industries:
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textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin,
steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and
equipment
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Industrial production growth rate:
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4.5% (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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396.4 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 8.3%
hydro: 82.7%
nuclear: 4.4%
other: 4.6% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption:
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368.5 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - exports:
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160 million kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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39.2 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2005)
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Oil - production:
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1.59 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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2.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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278,400 bbl/day (2005)
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Oil - imports:
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674,500 bbl/day (2004)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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11.24 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
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Natural gas - production:
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9.37 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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17.85 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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8.478 billion cu m (2005)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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312.7 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
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Current account balance:
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$10.2 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports:
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$159.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos
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Exports - partners:
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US 17.8%, Argentina 8.5%, China 6.1%, Netherlands 4.2%, Germany
4.1% (2006)
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Imports:
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$115.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical
products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
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Imports - partners:
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US 16.2%, Argentina 8.8%, China 8.7%, Germany 7.1%, Nigeria
4.3%, Japan 4.2% (2006)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$191.9 million (2005)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$178 billion (24 December 2007)
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Debt - external:
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$230.3 billion (30 June 2007)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$214.3 billion (2006 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$99.99 billion (2006 est.)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$711.1 billion (2006)
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Currency (code):
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real (BRL)
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Currency code:
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BRL
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Exchange rates:
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reals per US dollar - 1.85 (2007 est.), 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344
(2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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38.8 million (2006)
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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99.919 million (2006)
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: good working system; fixed-line
connections have remained relatively stable in recent years
and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular
telephone density has risen to nearly 55 per 100 persons
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a
domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations;
mobile-cellular usage has more than tripled in the past 5
years
international: country code - 55; landing point for a
number of submarine cables that provide direct links to
South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa,
and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected
by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite
earth station (2007)
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with
AM stations) (1999)
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Radios:
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71 million (1997)
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Television broadcast stations:
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138 (1997)
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Televisions:
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36.5 million (1997)
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Internet country code:
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.br
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Internet hosts:
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8.265 million (2007)
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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50 (2000)
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Internet users:
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42.6 million (2006)
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Airports:
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4,263 (2007)
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 718
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 167
914 to 1,523 m: 467
under 914 m: 52 (2007)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 3,545
1,524 to 2,437 m: 83
914 to 1,523 m: 1,555
under 914 m: 1,907 (2007)
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Heliports:
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16 (2007)
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Pipelines:
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condensate/gas 244 km; gas 12,070 km; liquid petroleum gas 351
km; oil 5,214 km; refined products 4,410 km (2007)
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Railways:
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total: 29,295 km
broad gauge: 4,932 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,773 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km
electrified)
dual gauge: 396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three
rails) (78 km electrified) (2006)
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Roadways:
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total: 1,751,868 km
paved: 96,353 km
unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)
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Waterways:
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50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population)
(2007)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 135 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,020,182
GRT/3,039,015 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 20, cargo 21, carrier 1, chemical
tanker 6, container 9, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12,
petroleum tanker 47, roll on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 16 (Chile 1, Denmark 2, Germany 7, Mexico
1, Norway 1, Spain 4)
registered in other countries: 5 (Bahamas 1, Ghana 1,
Liberia 3) (2007)
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Ports and terminals:
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Guaiba, Ilha Grande, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Santos, Sao
Sebastiao, Tubarao
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Military branches:
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Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes
Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian
Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB) (2008)
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Military service age and obligation:
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21-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 9 to 12 months; 17-45 years of age for
voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are
"long-service" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to
serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the
Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept
women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only
in Women's Reserve Corps (2001)
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 52,449,957
females age 16-49: 52,375,921 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 39,263,710
females age 16-49: 44,109,056 (2008 est.)
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Manpower reaching military service age
annually:
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males age 16-49: 1,668,722
females age 16-49: 1,609,437 (2008 est.)
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.6% (2006 est.)
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Transnational Issues |
Brazil |
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Disputes - international:
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unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is
locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina
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Illicit drugs:
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illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation
in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government
has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis;
important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and
Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as
a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and
Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons
smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and
Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil
are often laundered through the financial system; significant
illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area
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This page was last updated on 1 May,
2008
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MW Guide:
Introduction
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